〜上に
JLPT N3:on top of
"On top of X, (also) Y": adds a second point that goes the same way as the first.
How to form it
- Verbs and い-adjectives use the plain form: 頭がいい上に.
- Nouns take の, and な-adjectives take な: 便利な上に.
- The second half often has も: 寒い上に、雨も降っている.
Examples
彼は頭がいい上に、優しい。
On top of being clever, he's kind.
寒い上に、雨も降っている。
It's cold, and on top of that it's raining.
Notes
- The two points usually go the same way, both good or both bad: 安い上においしい (cheap, and tasty too).
Common mistakes
- Joining a good point to a bad one. For a contrast, use けど or のに.
Similar meaning
- 〜ばかりでなくnot only
"Not only…but also"; formal.
- 〜に加えてin addition to
"In addition to" a noun; formal.
Same form, different meaning
- 〜上in terms of
上 after a noun: "in terms of".