〜にもかかわらず
JLPT N3:despite
"Despite X" or "in spite of X": formal, and common in writing and the news.
How to form it
- Put it straight after a noun: 雨にもかかわらず (despite the rain).
- Verbs and い-adjectives use the plain form: 努力したにもかかわらず.
- In a clause, な-adjectives and nouns often take である: 危険であるにもかかわらず.
- It can also start a sentence, meaning "nevertheless".
Examples
雨にもかかわらず、試合は行われた。
The match went ahead despite the rain.
努力したにもかかわらず、失敗した。
Despite all my efforts, I failed.
Notes
- It states the contrast objectively. のに carries more feeling.
Similar meaning
- 〜のにeven though
"Even though" with surprise or complaint; conversational.
- 〜もののalthough
"Although"; X is true but did not lead where expected.