〜ずに
JLPT N4:without doing (formal)
"Without doing": a more formal, written-style version of 〜ないで.
How to form it
- Start from the ない form and replace ない with ずに: 言わない becomes 言わずに.
- する becomes せずに: 勉強せずに.
- 来る becomes 来ずに.
Examples
godan
言う(to say)言わずに
ichidan
食べる(to eat)食べずに
irregular
する(to do)せずにnot しずに
来る(to come)来ずに
Example sentences
彼は何も言わずに帰った。
He left without saying anything.
休まずに働いた。
I worked without a break.
Notes
- In writing, ず without に can join two clauses: 何も言わず、帰った.
- The same form appears in set patterns such as 〜ずにはいられない.
Common mistakes
- Saying しずに. The する form is せずに.
Similar meaning
- 〜ないでwithout doing / instead of
The same meaning in everyday speech.