です / だ
JLPT N5:is / am / are
Links a noun or な-adjective to what it describes: "X is Y". です is polite and だ is plain.
How to form it
- Put です or だ after a noun or な-adjective: 学生です, 静かだ.
- The negative is じゃない / ではない and the past is だった / でした.
- い-adjectives can take です to sound polite, 寒いです, but never だ.
Examples
これは本です。
This is a book.
私は学生です。
I'm a student.
今日は休みだ。
Today is a day off. (plain)
Notes
- Casual questions drop だ: 元気? (are you well?).
- だ on its own at the end of a casual sentence can sound blunt, so speakers often soften it with よ or ね, or leave it out.
- である is a formal written version, used in essays and articles.
Common mistakes
- Adding だ after an い-adjective. Say 高い or 高いです, not 高いだ.